Principal, Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, Canberra
Version of 30 April 2004
© Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, 2004
This document is at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/II/FTA17-SSCFTA-040430.html
... we come from a tradition of 'free culture' - not 'free' as in 'free beer' ... but 'free' as in 'free speech', 'free markets', 'free trade', 'free enterprise', 'free will' and 'free elections'. A free culture supports and protects creators and innovators. It does this directly by granting intellectual property rights. But it does so indirectly by limiting the reach of those rights, to guarantee that follow-on creators and innovators remain as free as possible from the control of the past ... Lessig L. 'Free Culture' Penguin, 2004, p. xiv
I am a longstanding consultant in the strategic and policy aspects of eBusiness, information infrastructure, and dataveillance and privacy. My background is detailed at http://www.xamax.com.au/CV/RC.html and http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/#Person.
I have Honours and Masters degrees in Commerce (Information Systems) and a doctorate in Information Systems. I spent a decade as a senior academic at the Australian National University. I am currently:
Affiliations that are relevant to this submission include:
Although it is informed by my various affiliations, this is a personal submission. It relates solely to the intellectual property aspects of the FTA.
The changes that the U.S. Government is seeking to impose on Australia through Chapter 17 of the FTA would be to the significant advantage of copyright-owners and patent-owners. These are overwhelmingly corporations, and overwhelmingly corporations domiciled in the U.S.A.
The Australian Government is of course fully justified in seeking to break down the high levels of U.S. protectionism, and to gain access to the U.S. market for Australian agricultural and pastoral goods on more reasonable terms.
But, in doing so, the Australian Government must not hold to ransom the country's burgeoning information industries, and the rights of its consumers and citizens.
An addendum to this Submission provides extracts from submissions to the Joint Standing Committee on Treaties that relate to the intellectual property aspects of the FTA. On the basis of these analyses, in combination with my own, I submit that there would be almost no advantages to the Australian economy or Australian society in implementing the changes imposed by Chapter 17; and there would be very serious disadvantages. The Parliament should therefore not agree to any of them.
Analysis of the impacts has been impeded by the manner in which Chapter 17 is drafted. It is not straightforward to extract from the documents the changes that would be forced on Australian law. Consequently it has been challenging for all parties to work through the implications that those changes would have.
The briefing session with government officers provided little additional information, and no evidence in relation to the impact of the proposed changes to law. What the session did provide, however, was the distinct impression that an agreement between the Prime Minister and the President was regarded as the key act of commitment, and that the Australian Parliament was at best marginally relevant. That in itself is a matter of concern.
This submission focusses on a some key elements of Chapter 17.
(1) In relation to Australian copyright law, the key impositions appear to be as follows:
(2) In relation to Australian patent law, the key implication appears to be as follows:
The remainder of this submission presents brief analyses of the justification for the changes imposed by Chapter 17, of their economic impact on Australia, and of their impact on Australian society and culture.
Copyright and patent laws are interventions into the natural order of economic and social activities. They create monopolies, and invite the owners of the monopolies to 'extract rents' from them, i.e. to exploit the law in order to generate higher revenue than they would normally earn, and to impose higher costs on competitors.
Considerable justification is needed for the meddling that copyright, patent and trademark laws represent. In the past, moral and ethical justifications have not been considered to be sufficient. The justification has been sought, and needs to be sought, in economics: these laws exist only to encourage innovation, by enhancing the scope for revenue flows to innovators.
The proper purpose of copyright and patent laws is emphatically not to create or sustain competitive advantage for one corporation over another, or strategic advantage for one nation over another (even though, depending on the nature of the meddling, that can be their effect). They can be justified solely on the grounds that 'the economy as a whole will work better that way, because there will be more innovation'.
No convincing evidence has been presented in support of the argument that the digital era has undermined longstanding arrangements and that change is needed to sustain the status quo.
The U.S. and Australian music industries have invented all manner of statistical arguments, which, when investigated, have been found seriously wanting. The same goes for the U.S. proprietary software industry, or at least for Microsoft. (Many other I.T. companies say that they see patent law in particular as being to the serious detriment of innovation in the industry).
It is of the nature of things that large corporations in mature industries fight against technological change when it is driven by more nimble newcomers. For example, entertainment companies fought very strongly against video-recording; but once they finally adapted to the new technology they made massive profits from it.
Music companies' aggressive resistance against peer-to-peer (P2P) reticulation of recorded music is finally giving way to adoption of the technology. The corporations were clearly told 10 years ago that they will be able to achieve large turnover and high margins once they adopt a constructive approach to the new opportunities. The early signs from leading initiatives such as Apple's iTunes are that the pundits were right, and that consumers are prepared to pay remarkably high prices for such services.
The equally vicious opposition by Microsoft to open source software is just as ill-informed and unjustified. A healthy marketplace is emerging, based on value-adding by companies to publicly-available code. This has already resulted in reduced costs to user organisations and consumers, even though the movement is relatively new and has been retarded by the aggressive actions of large corporations. Open source software offers additional and important benefits in the form of far earlier discovery of security and integrity problems, and hence improved quality of software products.
The beneficiaries of the features of U.S. law that the U.S. Government wants to impose on Australian law are large U.S. corporations, in particular the large music and multi-media corporations, and Microsoft. But the case put forward by these corporations has been based on misinformation. The proposed extensions to the monopoly rights are not justified.
It is important to note that the onus is on those corporations to provide that justification. That is because copyright and trademark law are anti-competitive measures that intervene in natural market processes. The Government's own competitive neutrality policy dictates that special privileges can only be granted where substantial evidence has been presented, and has been subjected to critical appraisal.
This section provides a brief summary of the reasons why the changes envisaged in Chapter 17 of the FTA are economically ill-advised, to the point of being seriously harmful to Australia's interests. The argument is expressed more fully in the Addendum, entitled 'The Economics of Innovation in the Information Industries'.
Innovation is dependent on ready availability of information. Especially in the booming digital information industries, innovation rarely occurs in some 'big bang' manner. Rather, it is almost entirely cumulative. Successive small, step-wise refinements are made. Ideas are transported from one context to another, and adapted to new situations.
Moreover, there is seldom a sole-originator of an innovation, because modern industries are symbiotic. Manufacturers are dependent for many of their new product features on:
In short, innovation is seldom achieved by one organisation making a massive breakthrough, but by many organisations and a great deal of ongoing interaction. Rather than 'one person standing on the shoulders of giants', most progress is achieved by hordes of busy elves.
Information economics shows that innovators can achieve returns even if they only have quite limited monopoly rights. Laws to prevent mere imitation without enhancement are important; but that level of protection has been sustained through relatively minor refinements to the law.
Process patents are an especial concern. Since the Carter Administration, patents have been an explicit weapon of U.S. international competitive strategy. The U.S. Patents & Trademarks Office (USPTO) has lowered the threshhold of innovation required of a patent application to the point that almost anything is approved. The 'contribution' can now be a minor and obvious refinement, it may relate to a mere 'business process' rather than an 'industrial process', and even vague generic claims are accepted. Progress in eBusiness is being seriously harmed by the USPTO's acceptance of patent applications relating to fundamental ideas such as 'one-click shopping', 'reverse auctions', 'automated credit-checking' and even the notion of a 'hot-link'.
Innovation is also being seriously constrained by legal actions initiated by large corporations. Copyright and patent laws provide large copyright-owners and patent-owners with the ability to deflect the attention of innovators from their work, to impose years of delays and very high legal costs, and in some cases even to prevent innovation from taking place.
There is strong evidence of patent-owners in particular using their legal rights as strategic weapons against competitors. An innovative Australian company recently described patents as "a worthless must-have", because every innovative company needs to have a small collection of them in order to counter-threaten competitors when they seek to delay the implementation of innovative products.
In short, the longstanding intention of copyright and patent law to stimulate innovation is being frustrated by the manner in which it is being used by its monopolist beneficiaries.
The open source software movement is highly innovative, and highly dynamic. It is misrepresented by 'old' software companies as being anti-capitalist; but it in fact merely utilises copyright law in a more constructive manner. It is already making substantial contributions to the economy, and will make far more provided that legislatures keep the climate right for innovation.
It is seriously against Australia's economic interest for copyright and patent laws to be extended at all, let alone in the manner that the U.S. is seeking to impose on Australia through the terms of FTA 17.
Australian society has had a long and strong dependence on open information flows. This has been protected by an orientation towards open accessibility, and significant qualifications on the rights of copyright-holders.
Drawing inspiration from open source software, an open content movement has been developing during recent years. In the U.S., it is associated with such initiatives as Project Gutenberg, and the 'creative commons'. AEShareNet's open content licensing schemes have been in use for some years now, particularly in the Australian Vocational Education & Training (VET) sector; and work is now well-advanced to re-work the creative commons licence into a form fitted to Australian law.
Open content does not necessarily mean 'free' in the sense of 'gratis'. It supports either conventional sales-based approaches, or gratis provision of licences and the earning of revenue from complementary goods and services. But the open content movement is under dire threat as a result of the lobbying success of predominantly American copyright expansionists.
One concern is the prevention of large volumes of materials from moving into the public domain for at least a further 20 years.
Depending on what the confusing provisions of the FTA actually mean, this may be compounded by the re-copyrighting of some works in which copyright has already expired.
Another major concern is that enhancements to the powers of copyright-holders increase the incentive for organisations and individuals to exercise proprietary power over software, over multi-media, and over information more generally. This works against open source and open content thinking, increases both the purchase costs and the transaction costs to software and information consumers, and hence reduces the accessibility of software and information.
A further concern is that use of the draconian powers that the changes would grant to copyright-owners would result in information suppression through take-down notices. These are already having the effect in the U.S.A. of causing ISPs to automatically remove the web-pages and even whole web-sites of individuals and small companies, merely because they receive a threatening letter from a lawyer purporting to be acting on behalf of some major corporation. Several such instances have even occurred in Australia, even though the Digital Agenda amendments were more measured than the U.S.'s DMCA legislation.
It is important to note that the effect of the proposed changes would be even more serious in Australia than they already are in the U.S.A. One reason is that Americans enjoy a measure of protection because they have a Bill of Rights entrenched in their Constitution which includes freedom of speech provisions.
A second, critical reason is that U.S. copyright law qualifies the rights of copyright-holders with 'fair use' provisions that are much more substantial than the Australian law's 'fair dealings' clauses. There appears to be nothing in the FTA that requires strengthening of consumer protections, and hence Australians would suffer the worst excesses of the U.S. legislation without even the limited countermeasures that U.S. consumers have available to them.
The powers that Chapter 17 seeks to impose would assist corporations in their endeavours to oppress their opponents, including not only their economic competitors but also their economic and social critics. This can be achieved through threats of expensive litigation, and of invocation of the criminal law. In addition, the credibility of that oppressive behaviour would be greatly increased if the U.S.-dictated provisions were implemented in Australian law.
These are not mere theoretical or speculative arguments. The DMCA provisions have been used in the U.S.A. to seriously infringe the freedoms of a number of people. These include Russian Dmitry Skylarov (who was gaoled for months, but the charges were later withdrawn), Norwegian Jon Johansen (who was subjected to many months of prosecution in his homeland, which was eventually rejected by the courts, and who has been advised never to enter the U.S.A.), and American Ed Felten (who was threatened with prosecution if he presented a paper at a conference, another threat that was later withdrawn).
The obligations embodied in the FTA 17 requirements, if they were implemented, would seriously harm the public interest in openness, and hence damage both social processes and Australian culture.
If the Australian Parliament were to comply with the terms of FTA Chapter 17, it would have to make changes to copyright and patent law that are demonstrably against the interests of innovators, because they fundamentally change the character of those laws from being stimulative of innovation to being protective of the existing activities of large corporations.
Most critical among the many unreasonable U.S. impositions are the following:
Copyright and patents are legislated monopolies. They enable owners to prevent other organisations and individuals from being creative. Their sole justification has been the stimulation of innovation by providing a window of opportunity during which an innovator can exploit their ideas.
The new philosophy pursued by the U.S.A. in its own economic interests is that owners of copyright should have greatly enhanced powers in order to make profits, and thereby benefit the U.S. economy at the expense of the economies of other countries.
There are well-established multilateral agreements in place concerning copyright and patent. The Australian Government has agreed to undermine those multilateral agreements by including within a bilateral trade agreement fundamental changes to its laws.
Moreover, there are well-established multilateral processes in place to enable debate about copyright, patents, trademark and design laws. These involve consultations, and specialist negotiators. The Australian Government has agreed to undermine those multilateral processes by overriding them with an ad hoc, bilateral trade negotiation process.
The Australian Parliament must reject these changes to copyright and patent law. They are economically, socially and culturally harmful to Australia. They serve the interests of U.S. corporations, not Australians.
The following are provided as Addenda to this submission:
This submission has drawn on:
A very considerable number of Australian organisations have expressed concerns along the lines expressed in this submission. Organisations that deal with the Government across a range of issues naturally express their concerns somewhat gently; whereas those that are not constrained by realpolitik are more forthright. An index of expressions of concern is being maintained on my 'working-paper' page.
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Created: 15 March 2004
Last Amended: 30 April 2004
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