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Principal, Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, Canberra
Visiting Fellow, Department of Computer Science, Australian National University
Version of 6 April 2001, with a small enhancement 21 October 2002
© Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, 2000-2002
Available under an AEShareNet licence
This document is at http://www.rogerclarke.com/DV/PITsPETsRes.html
This is a resource-site that accompanies a semi-regular column for the newsletter Australasian Privacy Law & Policy Reporter.
The series examines particular Privacy Invasive Technologies (the PITs) and Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs). This page provides access to the articles as they appear, and to additional resources.
The first article in the series is a double-length piece that was designed to set the stage for what followed. So start here. That appeared in PLPR 7, 9 (March 2001).
This section provides some particularly important sources on the topic.
Burkert H. (1997) 'Privacy-Enhancing Technologies: Typology, Critique, Vision' in Agre P.E. & Rotenberg M. (Eds.) (1997) 'Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape' MIT Press, 1997
Clarke R. (1994) 'Human Identification in Information Systems: Management Challenges and Public Policy Issues', Information Technology & People 7,4 (December 1994) 6-37, at http://www.rogerclarke.com/DV/HumanID.html
Clarke R. (1999) 'Identified, Anonymous and Pseudonymous Transactions: The Spectrum of Choice', Proc. Conf. User Identification & Privacy Protection, Stockholm, June 1999, at http://www.rogerclarke.com/DV/UIPP99.html
Froomkin A.M. (1995) 'Anonymity and Its Enmities' 1995 J. Online L., at http://www.law.cornell.edu/jol/froomkin.htm
IPCR (1995) 'Privacy-Enhancing Technologies: The Path to Anonymity' Information and Privacy Commissioner (Ontario, Canada) and Registratiekamer (The Netherlands), 2 vols., August 1995, at http://www.ipc.on.ca/web%5Fsite.eng/matters/sum%5Fpap/papers/anon%2De.htm
Here are some resources that explain infrastructure technologies that underlie some of the privacy-invading and the privay-enhancing technologies:
Here are some resources on particular technologies that the series is unlikely to cover (because there's just not enough room):
Here are some resources on important technologies that I will cover when I can, but haven't got to yet:
The term 'privacy-enhanced mail' (PEM) was used at least as early as the mid-1980s, in the RFC series 989 (February 1987), 1040 (January 1988), and 1113-1115 (August 1989), which defined a 'Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail'. See RFC1113. The term referred, however, only to the narrow concept of message transmission security, and its requirements of confidentiality, authentication, and message integrity assurance.
The much broader concept of 'privacy-enhancing technology' or 'PET' has been around since at least the mid-1990s. Marc Rotenberg has tracked down an early usage of the phrase (at that stage without the acronym) in a CPSR Statement of 10 June 1991. Ann Cavoukian in Toronto and Peter Hustinx in Amsterdam used it as the title of a joint work in 1995. EPIC's Marc Rotenberg in Washington DC was also using it at around the same time. They're likely to know whether one or more of them originated it, or they co-opted it from someone else again.
As far as I'm aware, I originated the neologism 'privacy-invasive technologies' or 'the PITs' in late 1998. For a while I flirted with the notion of 'PST' (privacy-sympathetic technology), as a means of distinguishing between tools for anonymity (PETs) and those for pseudonymity (PSTs). To the extent that they think about its precise meaning, most people tend to use PET to cover both categories; and that's how PET is used in this series of papers. I am using 'savage PETs' and 'gentle PETs' to distinguish anonymity from pseudonymity tools.
Like some of my other neologisms over the years, 'the PITs' may or may not catch on. But the pleasantly academic question of the naming of memes is a side-issue; what's important is that the concepts that they describe come into the mainstream, and get discussed.
Australasian Privacy Law & Policy Reporter is a well-established newsletter, with over 60 issues behind it. The General Editor is longstanding privacy specialist Graham Greenleaf. He is Professor of I.T. Law at the University of U.N.S.W. and Director of the Cyberspace Law & Policy Centre@UNSW, and Co-Director and Co-Founder of the Australasian Legal Information Institute (AustLII). Associate Editor is Nigel Waters, who served for many years as deputy to the Privacy Commissioners of the United Kingdom and then Australia.
The Reporter is published by Oliver Freeman of Prospect Media in Sydney, who commissioned this column. Here are subscription details for the Reporter.
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Created: 28 November 2000 - Last Amended: 6 April 2001, with a small enhancement 21 October 2002; addition of FfE licence 5 March 2004 by Roger Clarke - Site Last Verified: 15 February 2009
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