Principal, Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, Canberra
Visiting Fellow, Department of Computer Science, Australian National University
Version of 30 Apr 1999, rev. 11 July1999, 14 Aug 2000, 14 Jan 2001
© Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, 1999-2001
This document was prepared as a collation of resources, and a basis for a future paper
This document is at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/PEPST.html
I've written a series of papers on identification, anonymity and pseudonymity, catalogued below. Of these, the most accessible introductory work is probably Clarke (1996). The most comprehensive and authoritative thing I've done so far is Clarke (1999).
Historically, technologies of data processing and information-handling have been designed primarily to assist in surveillance of the individual's digital persona, and hence are reasonably described as Privacy-Invasive Technologies (the PITs). This line of argument has been developed in a series of articles since the foundation piece in CACM in 1988, most recently at Clarke (1999c).
Recently, I've been studying:
This document brings together resources relating to PETs and PSTs, and is intended both as a reference-page, and as the basis for another paper sometime soon.
[Note: the term PET has been around since at least the mid-1990s. Ann Cavoukian in Toronto, Peter Hustinx in Amsterdam, and/or Marc Rotenberg in Washington DC, are likely to know who originated it. As far as I'm aware, I originated the neologisms PITs and PSTs in late 1998. Like some of my other neologisms over the years, they may or may not catch on. But the pleasantly academic question of memes is a side-issue; what's important is that the concepts that they describe come into the mainstream, and get discussed.]
This list includes only those papers that deal expressly with the topic. For complete lists of my papers, see my Dataveillance Home-Page,and my Annotated Bibliography.
Clarke R. (1993) 'Computer Matching and Digital Identity', Proc. Conf. Computers, Freedom & Privacy, San Francisco, March 1993, at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/CFP93.html
Clarke R. (1994a) 'The Digital Persona and its Application to Data Surveillance', The Information Society 10, 2 (June 1994)', at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/DigPersona.html
Clarke R. (1994b) 'Human Identification in Information Systems: Management Challenges and Public Policy Issues', Information Technology & People 7,4 (December 1994) 6-37, at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/HumanID.html
Clarke R. (1995) 'When Do They Need to Know 'Whodunnit?' The Justification for Transaction Identification: The Scope for Transaction Anonymity and Pseudonymity' Proc. Conf. Computers, Freedom & Privacy, San Francisco, 31 March 1995, at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/PaperCFP95.html
Clarke R. (1996) 'Identification, Anonymity and Pseudonymity in Consumer Transactions: A Vital Systems Design and Public Policy Issue' Proc. Conf. 'Smart Cards: The Issues', Sydney, 18 October 1996, at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/AnonPsPol.html
Clarke R. (1997a) 'Introduction and Definitions', August 1997, at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/Intro.html
Clarke R. (1997b) 'Promises and Threats in Electronic Commerce', August 1997, at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/EC/Quantum.html
Clarke R. (1997c) 'Chip-Based ID: Promise and Peril', for the International Conference on Privacy, Montreal (September 1997), at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/IDCards97.html
Clarke R. (1998) 'Public Key Infrastructure: Position Statement', May 1998, at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/PKIPosn.html
Clarke R. (1999a) 'The Legal Context of Privacy-Enhancing and Privacy-Sympathetic Technologies', at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/Florham.html
Clarke R. (1999b) 'Privacy-Enhancing and Privacy-Sympathetic Technologies', April 1999, at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/PEPST.html
Clarke R. (1999c) 'Notes on a Panel Session on Anonymity and Identity in Cyberspace', Computers, Freedom & Privacy Conference, April 1999, at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/NotesCFP99.html#AnonId
Clarke R. (1999d) 'Identified, Anonymous and Pseudonymous Transactions: The Spectrum of Choice', Proc. Conf. User Identification & Privacy Protection, Stockholm, June 1999, at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/UIPP99.html
Clarke R., Dempsey G., Ooi C.N. & O'Connor R.F. (1998a) `Technological Aspects of Internet Crime Prevention', Proc. Conf. 'Internet Crime, Australian Institute for Criminology, Melbourne University, 16-17 February 1998, at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/II/ICrimPrev.html
Greenleaf G.W. & Clarke R. (1997) 'Privacy Implications of Digital Signatures', Proc. IBC Conference on Digital Signatures, Sydney, March 1997, at http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/DigSig.html
Barnes D. (1994) 'The Coming Jurisdictional Swamp of Global Internetworking (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Anonymity)', at http://www.io.com/~cman/swamp.html
Bell J. (1997) 'Assassination Politics', starting at http://www.infowar.com/class_1/BELL1.html-ssi
Blaze M., Feigenbaum J. & Lacy J. (1996) 'Decentralized Trust Management', Proc. 17th IEEE Symp. on Security and Privacy, pp 164-173, IEEE Computer Society, 1996, at ftp://ftp.research.att.com/dist/mab/policymaker.ps
Blaze M., Feigenbaum J. & Strauss M. (1998) 'Compliance-Checking in the PolicyMaker Trust-Management System', Proc. 2nd Financial Crypto Conference. Anguila 1998. LNCS #1465, pp 251-265, Springer-Verlag, 1998, at ftp://ftp.research.att.com/dist/mab/pmcomply.ps
Blaze M., Feigenbaum J., Ioannidis J. & Keromytis A.D. (1999), 'The KeyNote Trust-Management System: Version 2', AT&T Research Labs, March 1999, at ftp://ftp.research.att.com/dist/mab/knrfc.txt
Branscomb A.W. (1995) 'Anonymity, Autonomy, and Accountability: Challenges to the First Amendment in Cyberspaces', 104 Yale L.J. 1639 (1995)
Burkert H. (1997) 'Privacy-Enhancing Technologies: Typology, Critique, Vision' in Agre P.E. & Rotenberg M. (Eds.) (1997) 'Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape' MIT Press, 1997
CACM (1999) 'Internet Privacy: The Quest for Anonymity' Special Section of Commun. ACM 42, 2 (February 1999), at http://www.research.att.com/~lorrie/pubs/cacm-privacy.html
Cavoukian A. & Tapscott D. (1997) 'Who Knows: Safeguarding Your Privacy in a Networked World' McGraw-Hill, 1997, Chapter 10, pp.147-177
Chaum D. (1985) 'Security Without Identification: Card Computer to Make Big Brother Obsolete' Comun. ACM 28,10 (October 1985) 1030-44
Chaum D. (1992) 'Achieving Electronic Privacy' Scientific American, 266(8): 96-101, August 1992
Cohen J.E. (1996) 'A Right to Read Anonymously: A Closer Look at "Copyright Management" in Cyberspace', 28 Conn. L. Rev. 981 (1996)
Cranor L.F. (1999) 'Introduction: Special Section on Internet Privacy', Commun. ACM. Vol. 42, No. 2 (Feb. 1999) 28-38, at http://www.acm.org/pubs/citations/journals/cacm/1999-42-2/p28-cranor/. See also CACM (1999)
Cranor L.F. & Resnick P. (1997) 'Protocols for Automated Negotiations with Buyer Anonymity and Seller Reputations', TPRC 97, Washington DC, at http://www.si.umich.edu/~presnick/papers/negotiation/
Detweiler L. (1993) 'FAQ on Identity, Privacy, and Anonymity on the Internet', at http://www.rewi.hu-berlin.de/Datenschutz/Netze/privint.html and http://www.eff.org/pub/Privacy/Email_GII_NII/privacy_anonymity.faq
EFF (1996-) 'EFF Anonymity/Pseudonymity Archive', at http://www.eff.org/pub/Privacy/Anonymity/
EPIC (1999) 'Online Anonymity Under Attack in the Courts', EPIC Alert, 6.06, 22 April 1999, at http://www.epic.org/alert/EPIC_Alert_6.06.html
Frankel M.S. & Teich A. (1999) 'Special Issue: Anonymous Communication on the Internet', The Information Society, 15, 2, at http://www.slis.indiana.edu/TIS/editor_in_chief_letters/eic152.html
Friedman E. & Resnick P. (1998) Proc. Telecommunications Policy Research Conf., Washington, DC, October 1998. 'The Social Cost of Cheap Pseudonyms: Fostering Cooperation on the Internet', at http://www.si.umich.edu/~presnick/papers/identifiers/index.html
Froomkin A.M. (1995) 'Anonymity and Its Enmities' 1995 J. Online L., at http://www.law.cornell.edu/jol/froomkin.htm
Froomkin A.M. (1996a) 'The Internet As A Source Of Regulatory Arbitrage', Symposium on Information, National Policies, and International Infrastructure, 29 January 1996, at http://www.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/articles/arbitr.htm
Froomkin A.M. (1996b) 'Flood Control on the Information Ocean: Living With Anonymity, Digital Cash, and Distributed Databases', 15 U. Pittsburgh Journal of Law and Commerce 395 (1996), at http://www.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/articles/ocean.htm
IPC (1994) 'Privacy and Electronic Identification in the Information Age' Information and Privacy Commissioner/Ontario, November 1994, at http://www.ipc.on.ca/web%5Fsite.eng/matters/sum%5Fpap/papers/elecid%2De.htm
IPC (1998) '407 Express Toll Route: How You Can Travel This Road Anonymously', Information and PrivacyCommissioner/Ontario, May 1998, at http://www.ipc.on.ca/web_site.eng/matters/sum_pap/papers/407.htm
IPCR (1995) 'Privacy-Enhancing Technologies: The Path to Anonymity' Information and Privacy Commissioner (Ontario, Canada) and Registratiekamer (The Netherlands), 2 vols., August 1995, at http://www.ipc.on.ca/web%5Fsite.eng/matters/sum%5Fpap/papers/anon%2De.htm
JMLS (1995-) 'Anonymity Resources', at Cyberspace Law Center, John Marshall Law School, at http://host1.jmls.edu/cyber/index/anon.html
Kabay M.E. (1998) 'Anonymity and Pseudonymity in Cyberspace: Deindividuation, Incivility and Lawlessness Versus Freedom and Privacy', Proc. Conf. European Institute for Computer Anti-virus Research (EICAR), Munich, Germany 16-8 March 1998, at http://www.icsa.net/library/research/anonymity.shtml
Knowles W. (1999-) 'Anonymity on the Net', at http://www.c4i.org/erehwon/anonymity.html
Lee G.B. (1996) 'Addressing Anonymous Messages in Cyberspace', Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2,1 (June, 1996), at http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue1/anon.html
Low S., Maxemchuk N.F., Paul S. (1996) 'Anonymous Credit Cards and Its Collusion Analysis', IEEE Trans. on Networking, Dec. 1996, vol. 4, no.6, pp 809-816, at http://www.research.att.com/~nfm/ref.1409.ps
McCullagh D. (1997) 'IRS Raids a Cypherpunk - Assassination Politics' Netly News, 4 April 1997, at http://cgi.pathfinder.com/time/digital/daily/0,2822,11950,00.html
McCullagh D. (1998-) 'Nym Resources', at http://www.well.com/user/declan/nym/
Marx G.T. (1990) 'Fraudulent Identification and Biography', Ch. 7 In D. Altheide et al., 1990 New Directions In the Study of Justice. Law, and social Control. Plenum, at http://socsci.colorado.edu/~marxg/fraudid.html
Marx G.T. (1999) 'What's in a Name? Some Reflections on the Sociology of Anonymity' The Information Society, special issue on anonymous communication, forthcoming, 1999
May T. (1994) 'Anonymity, Digital Mixes, and Remailers', Septemebr 1994, at http://www.oberlin.edu/~brchkind/cyphernomicon/8.html
May T. (1996) 'Crypto-Anarchy and Virtual Communities', Powergrid J., 1.01, 1996, at http://www.powergrid.com/1.01/cryptoanarchy-wp.html
Neumann P.G. (1996) 'Risks of Anonymity' Insider Risks Column, Commun. ACM 39, 12 (December 1996)
Novak T.P., Hoffman D.L., Peralta M.A. (1997) 'Building Consumer Trust Online' Commun. ACM 42, 4 (April 1999). Draft at http://www2000.ogsm.vanderbilt.edu/papers/anonymity/anonymity2_nov10.htm
Post D.G. (1996) 'Pooling Intellectual Capital: Thoughts on Anonymity, Pseudonymity, and Limited Liability in Cyberspace', 1996 U. Chi. Legal F. 139
Rigby K. (1995) 'Anonymity on the Internet Must Be Protected', Fall 1995, at http://swissnet.ai.mit.edu/6095/student-papers/fall95-papers/rigby-anonymity.html
Seltzer R. (1995) 'Anonymity for Fun and Deception: The Other Side of 'Community', Chapter 7 of 'The Way of the Web', B & R Samizdat Express, 1995, at http://www.samizdat.com/anon.html
Strassman P.A. & Marlow W. (1996) 'Risk-Free Access Into The Global Information Infrastructure Via Anonymous Re-Mailers', Symposium on the Global Information Infrastructure: Information, Policy & International Infrastructure, Cambridge, MA, January 28-30, 1996, Information Infrastructure Project, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, at http://www.strassmann.com/pubs/anon-remail.html
Tien L. (1996) 'Who's Afraid of Anonymous Speech? McIntyre and the Internet', 75 Or. L. Rev. 117 (1996)
Toren P.J. (1996) 'Internet: A Safe Haven for Anonymous Information Thieves?', 11 St. John's J. Legal Comment. 647 (1996)
The privacy-related e-lists are catalogued here.
Declan McCullagh runs an e-list specifically on nyms.
In addition, the following newsgroups exist:
Go to Roger's Home Page.
Go to the contents-page for this segment.
Created: 29 April 1999
Last Amended: 14 August 2000 (plus change of William Knowles' URL, 14 Jan 2001)
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