[1] Rule J.B. 'Private Lives and Public Surveillance: Social Control in the Computer Age' Schocken Books, 1974

[2] Laudon K.C. 'Computers and Bureaucratic Reform' Wiley, New York, 1974

[3] Smith R.E.(Ed.) 'Privacy Journal' monthly since November 1974

⁴ Smith, R.E.(Ed) 'Privacy Journal Compilation of State and Federal privacy Laws' updated annually

[5] Westin A.F. & Baker M. 'Databanks in a Free Society' Quadrangle, 1974

[6] Kling R. 'Automated Welfare Client Tracking and Welfare Service Integration: The Political Economy of Computing' Comm ACM 21,6 (June 1978) 484-93

[7] Rule J.B., McAdam D., Stearns L. & Uglow D. 'The Politics of Privacy' New American Library, 1980

⁸ Burnham D. 'The Rise of the Computer State' Random House, New York, 1983

[9] Rule J.B. 'Documentary Identification and Mass Surveillance in the United States' 31 Social Problems 222 (1983)

[10] Marx G.T. & Reichman N. 'Routinising the Discovery of Secrets' Am. Behav. Scientist 27,4 (Mar/Apr 1984) 423-452

11 Marx G.T. 'Surveillance: A Dangerous Game Played With Matches' Abacus 4,1 (Fall, 1986) 60-64

[12] Roszak T. 'The Cult of Information' Pantheon 1986

[13] OTA 'Federal Government Information Technology: Electronic Record Systems and Individual Privacy' OTA-CIT-296, U.S. Govt Printing Office, Washington DC, Jun 1986

[14] Laudon K.C. 'Dossier Society: Value Choices in the Design of National Information Systems' Columbia U.P., 1986b

[15] Clarke R.A. 'Just Another Piece of Plastic for Your Wallet: The Australia Card'. Prometheus 5,1 June 1987a Republished in Computers & Society 18,1 (January 1988), with an Addendum in Computers & Society 18,3 (July 1988)

[16] Flaherty D.H.'Protecting Privacy in Surveillance Societies' Uni. of North Carolina Press, 1989

¹⁷ Bennett C. 'Regulating Privacy: Data Protection and Public Policy in Europe and the United States' Cornell University Press, New York, 1992

[18] Westin A.F. 'Privacy and Freedom' Atheneum, 1967

¹⁹ Westin A.F. (ed.) 'Information Technology in a Democracy' Harvard U.P., 1971

[20] 'Records, Computers and the Rights of Citizens' U.S. Dept of Health, Education & Welfare, Secretary's Advisory Committee on Automated Personal Data Systems, MIT Press, Cambridge Mass., 1973

[21] Westin A.F. & Baker M. (1974) op.cit.

[22] 'The Criminal Use of False Identification' U.S. Federal Advisory Committee on False Identification, Washington DC, 1976

[23] 'Personal Privacy in an Information Society' Privacy Protection Study Commission, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, July 1977

[24] 'Guidelines for the Operation of Personal Data Systems'

New South Wales Privacy Committee, Sydney, 1977

[25] Sir Norman Lindop 'Report of the Committee on Data Protection' Cmnd 7341, HMSO, London (December 1978)

[26] 'Guidelines for the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data' Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, 1980

[27] 'Guidelines to Agencies on Conducting Automated Matching Programs' Office of Management and Budget March, 1979; 'Privacy Act of 1974: Supplemental Guidance for Matching Programs' 44 Fed. Reg. 23, 138, 1979

[28] 'Computer Matching Guidelines' Office of Management and Budget , May 1982; 'Privacy Act of 1974: Revised Supplemental Guidance for Conducting Matching Programs' 47 Fed. Reg. 21, 656, 1982

[29] 'Model Control System for Conducting Computer Matching Projects Involving Individual Privacy Data' Office of Management and Budget & President's Commission for Integrity & Efficiency 1983

[30] 'Privacy' Australian Law Reform Commission, Sydney, Report No. 22 (1983)

³¹ 'Computer Matching in State Administered Benefit Programs: A Manager's Guide to Decision-Making' Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1983; 'Inventory of State Computer Matching Technology' Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1983; 'Nationwide Impact of Verifying Resources by Matching Recipients of Public Assistance with Bank Records' Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1983

[32] 'Computer Matching in State Administered Benefit Programs' U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, June 1984

[33] Kusserow R.P. 'The Government Needs Computer Matching to Root out Waste and Fraud' Comm ACM 27,6 (June 1984) 542-545; 'Computer Matching in State-Administered Benefit Programs' Dept. of Health & Human Services, Office of Inspector-General (June 1984)

[34] Shattuck J. 'Computer Matching is a Serious Threat to Individual Rights' Comm ACM 27,6 (June 1984) 538-541

[35] Laudon K.C. op.cit.

[36] OTA op.cit.

[37] 'Review of Systems for Dealing with Fraud on the Commonwealth' Aust. Govt. Publ. Service (March 1987)

[38] 'Data Matching Review: A Resource Document for Notification of the Privacy Commissioner of Proposed Data Matches' Privacy Commissioner, 112 Kent, Ottowa, Canada (July 1989)

[39] O'Connor K. Paper for the Communications & Media Law Association, available from the Privacy Commissioner, Human Rights & Equal Opportunities Commission, G.P.O. Box 5218, Sydney, 26 April 1990

[40] 'Data Matching in Commonwealth Administration: Discussion Paper and Draft Guidelines' Privacy Commissioner, Human Rights & Equal Opportunities Commission, G.P.O. Box 5218, Sydney, Australia (October 1990) (56 pp.)

[41] Clarke R.A. 'Computer Matching and Digital Identity' Proc. Conf. Computers, Freedom & Privacy, Ass. Comp. Machinery, San Francisco, March 1993

[42] Clarke R.A. ibid.

[43] Office of Management and Budget March, 1979, op.cit.

[44] Office of Management and Budget March, 1982, op.cit.

[45] Office of Management and Budget & President's Commission for Integrity & Efficiency 1983op.cit.

[46] 'Computer Matching in State Administered Benefit Programs: A Manager's Guide to Decision-Making' Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1983; 'Inventory of State Computer Matching Technology' Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1983; 'Nationwide Impact of Verifying Resources by Matching Recipients of Public Assistance with Bank Records' Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1983

[47] 'Action Needed to Reduce, Account For, and Collect Overpayments to Federal Retirees' Comptroller General of the United States, General Accounting Office, Washington DC, 1983a

[48] 'Computer Matches Identify Potential Unemployment Benefit Overpayments' Comptroller General of the United States, General Accounting Office, Washington DC, 1983b

[49] 'GAO Observations on the Use of Tax Return Information for Verification in Entitlement Programs' Comptroller General of the United States, General Accounting Office, Washington DC, 1984a

[50] 'Better Wage-Matching Systems and Procedures Would Enhance Food Stamp Program Integrity' General Accounting Office, Washington DC, 1984b

[51] Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1983 op.cit.

[52] Kusserow R.P.1984 op.cit.

[53] Greenberg D.H.&Wolf D.A. 'Is Wage Matching Worth All the Trouble?' Public Welfare (Winter 1985) 13-20

[54] Greenberg D.H. & Wolf D.A. (with Pfiester J.) 'Using Computers to Combat Welfare Fraud: The Operation and Effectiveness of Wage Matching' Greenwood Press Inc., Oct 1986

[55] 'A Central Wage File for Use by Federal Agencies: Benefits and Concerns' General Accounting Office, GAO/HRD-85-31 (May 1985)

[56] 'Social Security: Pensions Data Useful for Detecting Supplemental Security Payment Errors' General Accounting Office, GAO/HRD-86-32, Mar 1986a, 14 pp.

[57] 'Computer Matching: Assessing Its Costs and Benefits' General Accounting Office, GAO/PEMD-87-2, Nov 1986b, 102 pp.

[58] 'Computer Matching: Factors Influencing the Agency Decision-Making Process' General Accounting Office, GAO/PEMD-87-3BR, Nov 1986c, 30 pp.

[59] OTA 1986 op.cit.

[60] Holden N., Burghardt J.A. & Ohls J.C. 'Final Report for the Evaluation of the Illinois On-Line Cross-Match Demonstration' Mathematica Policy Research, Sep. 11 1987, for U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Office of Family Assistance

[61] 'Welfare Eligibility: Deficit Reduction Act Income Verification Issues' General Accounting Office, GAO/HRD-87-79FS, May 1987, 93 pp.

[62] 'Veterans' Pensions: Verifying Income with Tax Data Can Identify Significant Payment Problems' General Accounting Office, GAO/HRD-88-24, Mar 1988, 100 pp.

[63] Greenberg D. & Yudd R. 'Food Stamp Program Operations Study: Computer Matching: A Review of Exemplary State Practices in the FSP' The Urban Institute, 2100 M St NW, Washington DC 20037, for the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, July 1989

[64] 'Veterans' Benefits: VA Needs Death Information From Social Security to Avoid Erroneous Payments' General Accounting Office, GAO/HRD-90-110, Jul 1990b, 14 pp.

[65] 'Federal Benefit Payments: Agencies Need Death Information From Social Security to Avoid Erroneous Payments' General Accounting Office, GAO/HRD-91-3, Feb 1991a, 23 pp.

[66] 'Welfare Benefits: States Need Social Security's Death Data to Avoid Payment Error or Fraud' General Accounting Office, GAO/HRD-91-73, Apr 1991c, 13 pp.

[67] Clarke R.A. (1993) op.cit.

[68] Rule J.B. (1974) op.cit.

[69] Kling, R. (1978) op.cit.

[70] Langan K.J. 'Computer Matching Programs: A Threat to Privacy?' Columbia J. of Law and Social Problems 15,2 (1979)

[71] Rule J.B.et al. (1980) op.cit.

[72] Kirchner J. 'Privacy: A history of computer matching in federal government programs' Computerworld (December 14, 1981)

[73] Burnham D. (1983) op.cit.

[74] Marx G.T. & Reichman N. (1984) op.cit.

[75] Shattuck J. (1984) op.cit.

[76] Reichman N. & Marx G.T. 'Generating Organisational Disputes: The Impact of Computerization' Proc. Law & Society Ass. Conf., San Diego, June 6-9, 1985

[77] Laudon K.C. (86) op.cit.

[78] OTA (1986) op.cit.

[79] Clarke R.A. (1988) op.cit.

[80] Davies S. 'Big Brother: Australia's Growing Web of Surveillance' Simon & Schuster, Sydney, 1992

[81] 'Data-Matching Program (Assistance and Tax): Report on Progress' Department of Social Security and the Data Matching Agency, Canberra, Australia, October 1991

[82] Senator S. Ervin, 1971 Senate Hearings into Federal Data Banks, Computers and the Bill of Rights, quoted in Laudon K.C. (1986) op.cit., (p.357).

[83] Roszak T. (1986) op.cit., (pp.186-7).

⁸⁴ 'Data Matching Review: A Resource Document for Notification of the Privacy Commissioner of Proposed Data Matches' Privacy Commissioner, 112 Kent, Ottowa, Canada (July 1989) (p.4).

⁸⁵ 'Privacy' Aust. L. Reform Comm., Sydney, Report No. 22 (1983)

⁸⁶ OTA (1986) op.cit., p.40

⁸⁷ 'Data Matching in Commonwealth Administration: Discussion Paper and Draft Guidelines' Privacy Commissioner, Human Rights & Equal Opportunities Commission, G.P.O. Box 5218, Sydney, Australia (October 1990) p.vi

⁸⁸ O'Connor K. (1990) op.cit.

[89] quoted in Berman J. & Goldman J. 'A Federal Right of Information Privacy: The Need for Reform' Benton Foundation Project on Communications & Information Policy Options, 1776 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006, 1989, p.15

[90] Laudon K.C. (1986) op.cit., (pp.255, 133).

[91] OTA (1986) op.cit. (pp.57-58).

⁹² Marx G.T. & Reichman N. (1984) op.cit., (p.436).

[93] Roszak T. (1986) op.cit.

[94] OTA (1986) op.cit. (p.40).

[95] GAO (1988) op.cit., (pp.23, 18, 28).

[96] Testimony of the Food Research and Action Center in 'Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Amendments of 1990: Hearing Before the Government Information, Justice and Agriculture Subcommittee on H.R. 5450, September 11, 1990' U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991, p.50

[97] Kusserow R.P. (1984) op.cit. (p.10).

[98] Clarke R.A. (1988) op.cit..

⁹⁹ 'Data-Matching Program (Assistance and Tax): Report on Progress' Department of Social Security and the Data Matching Agency, Canberra, Australia, October 1992, p.73

¹⁰⁰ ibid., pp.51,73-4

[101] New South Wales Privacy Committee (1977) op.cit.

[102] Neumann [1976-] Risks Forum, in ACM Software Eng. Notes, since 1,1 (1976); also on UseNet, as Comp.Risks

¹⁰³ OTA (1986) op.cit., (p.26).

[104] OTA (1986) op.cit., (pp.52-53).

[105] Laudon K.C. (1986) 'Data Quality and Due Process in Large Interorganisational Record Systems' Comm. ACM 29,1 (January 1986) 4-11

[106] Laudon K.C. (1986) op.cit., (p.139-143).

[107] Clarke R.A. 'Computer Matching in the Social Security Administration' Working Paper available from the author (January 1992)

[108] Roszak T. (1986) op.cit., (pp.87,95,98,118,120).

[109] Clarke R.A. 'Human Identification in Information Systems: Management Challenges and Public Policy Issues' Forthcoming, Information Technology & People

[110] Henderson L. 'Case Study in Data Integrity: Australian Passports Office' Working Paper available from the author, Department of Commerce, Aust. National Uni. (March 1992).

[111] Clarke R.A. (1987) op.cit..

[112] Clarke R.A. 'The Resistible Rise of the National Personal Data System' Software L.J. 5,1 (February 1992c)

[113] Aust. Govt. Publ. Service (1987) op.cit.

[114] Laudon K.C. (1986) op.cit., (p.376).

[115] Henderson L. (1992) op.cit.

[116] GAO (1988) op.cit., (p.5).

[117] Shattuck J. (1984) op.cit.

[118] GAO (1986) op.cit., (p.3).

[119] GAO (1990) op.cit., (p.4).

[120] GAO (1991) op.cit., (p.7).

[121] 'SSA Matching Operations Report: October 1990 - March 1991' Office of Program Integrity and Reviews, Social Security Administration, Pub. No. 31-004, March 1991a

[122] GAO (1991) op.cit., (p.4).

[123] Clarke R.A. 'Computer Matching by Government Agencies: The Failure of Cost/Benefit Analysis as a Control Mechanism' Forthcoming, Informatization and the Public Sector

[124] Laudon K.C. (1986) op.cit., (pp.384-90).

[125] Flaherty D.H. (1989) op.cit., (pp.359-407).

[126] Rule J.B. (1973) op.cit.

[127] Rule J.B. et al (1980) op.cit.

[128] Bennett C. (1992) op.cit., (pp.96-101).

[129] Smith R.E. (1974) op.cit.

¹³⁰ Flaherty D.H. (1986) op.cit.

[131] Madsen W. 'Handbook of Personal Data Protection' MacMillan Publishers, London, 1992

[132] HEW (1973) op.cit.

[133] Laudon K.C. (1986) op.cit., (p.6).

[134] Privacy Protection Study Commission (1977) op.cit.

[135] Rule J.B.et al (1980) op.cit. (pp.75, 110).

[136] 'Amended Proposal for a Council Directive Concerning the Protection of Individuals in Relation to the Processing of Personal Data' European Community, Brussells, OJ No L 123, 8 May 1992

[137] Shattuck J. (1984) op.cit., (p.540).

[138] New South Wales Privacy Committee (1977) op.cit.

[139] Rule J.B.et al (1980) op.cit. (p.120).

[140] Marx G.T. (1986) op.cit., (p.48).

¹⁴¹ Australian Law Reform Commission (1983) op.cit.

[142] OTA (1986) op.cit. (pp.57-59, 113-122).

[143] Flaherty D.H. (1989) op.cot., (esp. pp.359-407).

[144] Laudon K.C. (1986) op.cit., (p.383).

[145] Privacy Protection Study Commission (1977) op.cit.

[146] Australian Law Reform Commission (1983) op.cit.

[147] Laudon K.C. (1986) op.cit., (pp.382-4).

[148] Flaherty D.H. (1989) op.cit.

[149] Laudon K.C. (1986) op.cit. , (p.384).

[150] OTA (1986) op.cit.

[151] Laudon K.C. (1986) op.cit., (p.400).

[152] ibid., (p.385).

[153] Kusserow R.P. 1984 op.cit. (pp.33-40).

[154] Privacy Commissioner of Canada (1989) op.cit.

[155] Privacy Commissioner of Australia (1990) op.cit.

[156] Clarke (1994) op.cit.

[157] OTA (1986) op.cit., p.4

[158] Thom J. & Thorne P. 'Privacy Legislation and the Right of Access' Austral. Comp. J. 15,4 (November 1983) 145-150

[159] Greenleaf G.W. & Clarke R.A. 'Database Retrieval Technology and Subject Access Principles' Aust. Comp. J. 16,1 (Feb, 1984)

[160] Westin A.F. 'Privacy and Freedom' Atheneum, 1967; Westin A.F. (ed.) 'Information Technology in a Democracy' Harvard U.P., 1971; Westin A.F. & Baker M. 'Databanks in a Free Society' Quadrangle, 1974

[161] Clarke (1993) op.cit..