Roger Clarke's Web-Site
© Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, 1995-2026
Infrastructure
& Privacy
Matilda
Roger Clarke's Web-Site© Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, 1995-2026 |
|
|||||
| HOME | eBusiness |
Information Infrastructure |
Dataveillance & Privacy |
Identity Matters | Other Topics | |
| What's New |
Waltzing Matilda | Advanced Site-Search | ||||
Review Version of 5 August 2025
A 'Short Paper' (5pp. / 2500 words) intended for The Dark Side of AI and Emerging Technologies Track at ACIS'25
? Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, 2025
Available under an AEShareNet 
licence or a Creative
Commons 
licence.
This document is at http://rogerclarke.com/DV/DVRD.html
Surveillance is a research domain to which the information systems (IS) discipline has paid little attention; but with digitalisation occurring in the surveillance field as much as in any other, attitudes are quickly changing. This paper presents a progress report on a project whose aim is to demonstrate that societies, economies, polities and people need IS researchers to turn their attention to digiveillance. Further, because of the dynamism of the phenomena in the domain, IS researchers need to shed their fixations on rigour, past phenomena, and outdated data, and carefully apply futures studies to emergent and near-future worlds.
Over the last half-century, surveillance has migrated from a mostly analogue / physical activity to mostly digital / virtual. Many disciplines have recognised surveillance as a suitable research domain, whereas for the information systems (IS) discipline it is marginalised. This paper outlines a current project that is intended to establish digiveillance as a legitimate IS research domain.
This short paper commences with a necessarily very brief history of surveillance in section 2. It then provides an indication of the paucity of IS literature on the topic in section 3. Section 4 identifies the kinds of research opportunities that exist and are recognisable to IS academics. In section 5, a brief indication is provided of suitable techniques to apply. In all sections, the information provided is only illustrative, with indications of the further work being undertaken and arguments being articulated.
Surveillance is characterised in terms of "close observation", "careful watching" or "systematic investigation or monitoring". It may be aimed at a variety of targets, including an object, a space, and a person. It may have many purposes, including orderly traffic flows, safeguarding of objects or people, evidence-gathering, location and tracking of individuals, and repression of behaviour. A variety of entities may be intended beneficiaries, including the entity conducting it, one or more entities at which it is targeted, and the public generally.
Although the monitoring of individuals is only one of many applications, its use is now pervasive and intensive, and attracts a large proportion of the attention of organisations, individuals, the media, technology providers and researchers. Data about each individual's past and current actions, transactions, utterances, interests and attitudes are available to powerful institutions in both the private and public sectors. Those organisations are applying obscure processes to that data, and are drawing inferences about each individual's potential future actions, are making decisions, and are even taking actions, all without reality-checks and without accountability.
Living in a society pervaded by surveillance makes non-conformism risky, even perilous. The repression and even suppression of behaviour that powerful organisations perceive as being 'deviant' may (but may not) have positive benefits such as lower levels of some kinds of violent crime. On the other hand, it leads to stasis not only in politics -- as powerful institutions probably intend -- but also in social and cultural matters, and even in economic terms. This is because innovation depends on new and risky ideas being articulated, and acted upon. Studies of surveillance society are conducted through lenses offered by theories of political science, sociology, psychology, and various applied social sciences. See, for example, Foucault (1977), Marx (1985), Gandy (1989), Lyon (1994, 2001, 2007), and the journal 'Surveillance & Society'. A meta-discussion of conceptions of surveillance is provided by Galic et al. (2017).
Surveillance has been conducted for millennia in a physical context, through spatial, visual and aural monitoring. Increasingly over the centuries, technological means have been developed to augment the human senses of sight and hearing. Surveillance of electronic communications emerged very shortly after the introduction of the telegraph in the 1840s, and expanded dramatically with telephone technology from the late 19th century, and digital data networks from the mid-20th century onwards.
A major change in the patterns of surveillance gathered pace in the period 1970-1990, as technology enabled costly and unreliable human watchers to be replaced by inexpensive and more reliable artefacts. In what we now recognise as a simpler age, I coined the term 'dataveillance', in Clarke (1986), to refer to "the systematic monitoring of people's actions or communications through the application of information technology [to data that was already available in machine-readable form]" (Clarke 1988). During those decades, there was a considerable increase in technological capabilities and reach, in the storability of captured data, in the ability to conduct retrospective analysis, in the transmissibility of captured data, in the conduct of surveillance 'in real time', and in the interception and pursuit of deviants.
The emphasis gradually switched from the exploitation of available data to the gathering of additional data perceived to be of surveillance value. Approaching century's end, it was necessary to further articulate the basic notion of dataveillance to encompass the digital persona (Clarke 1994a, 2014), person location and tracking (Clarke 2001b), biometric identification (Jain et al. 2024), and the imposition of identifiers not just as organisation-specific codes, but also in such forms as chip-embedment in human-carried artefacts -- such as cards, mobile phones and anklets -- and human-carrying artefacts -- such as cars (Clarke 1994b, 2022). Chip-embedment directly into people commenced soon after its use in animals, during the late 1990s (Michael & Michael 2009).
From around the turn of the 21st century, 'experiential dataveillance' abruptly arrived. Previously, books and event tickets were purchased using anonymous cash, printed books were read in private, and audiences watched and listened to human speakers, live and via recordings, without needing to disclose who they were. In just a short period, reading, watching and listening were converted from unidentified and unrecorded activities using 'analogue' artefacts, to recorded and identified activities dependent on 'digital' services. Key elements in this change have been card-based payments; online-only ticketing; and activity-monitoring in Kindle-style products and on web-sites for text, audio and video. Location and tracking gave rise to the aphorism 'you are where you've been' (Clarke & Wigan 2011). That has been joined by 'you are what you've been reading, listening to, and watching' (Clarke 2013).
Another development has been an explosion in 'auto-surveillance', that is to say 'of the self, by the self' (as distinct from something to do with cars), and more specifically of 'auto-digiveillance': "the generation of data about oneself by a device closely associated with you, whether ... near [to], on or in one's body" (Clarke 2020). Once-private diary-entries are now published on blogs and gifted to, or expropriated by, walled-garden 'social media' venues and other tech platforms. Other means of self-exposure include FitBit-style activity-monitoring, v(ideo-)logging, and mobile-device-carriage, commonly with promiscuous location settings, resulting in the term 'the quantified self' (Lupton 2016). The notion of ?berveillance, in particular through implanted chips, has been investigated in depth by Michael & Michael (2013).
Some of the impacts of auto-surveillance are beneficial, some are innocuous, and some are very harmful. The panopticon effect, be it of Bentham (1791) or Foucault (1977), involves the watched never being sure when the focus of the watcher's gaze is upon them. When powerful organisations (e.g. social welfare agencies, licensing agencies, employers) are known to utilise the available data to target penalties at deviants, a widespread, self-disciplinary 'chilling effect' arises. Depending on the context and the observer's worldview, it may be anywhere between highly desirable and highly undesirable that intentional acts by one party have a strong deterrent effect on behaviours of other parties (Schauer 1978, Penney 2016).
A further relevant notion is omni- or supra-veillance, which refers to the coordinated use of multiple channels of surveillance data. Yet another is 'sousveillance' -- literally, monitoring from beneath / sous, rather than from above / sur (Mann et al. 2003). In this case, 'the watched watch the watchers'. One somewhat idealistic example involves installing cameras in CCTV-monitoring rooms, pointing them at the people monitoring the screens, and streaming the resulting video out into the public Internet (Brin 1998). A more familiar instance is the use of wearcams by demonstrators, to transmit and store video of the behaviour of police (Mann 1997). This gives rise to the idea of 'equiveillance', that is to say a balance between authoritarian and democratic use of monitoring technologies (Mann 2005), retro-fitting two-sided accountability into the architecture.
Digitisation and digitalisation are deepening the entrenchment of powerful and impactful forms of surveillance. To reflect that, I coined the following term:
'Digiveillance' is the leveraging of 'born digital' data, and the interpretation and management of the world through that data, to support the systematic investigation or monitoring of objects, spaces and people
Digiveillance builds on prior technological phases, particularly the era of dataveillance c.1980-2020, and greatly intensifies the experience of surveillance society, with potentially very serious consequences for the next generations of people. It features rapidly evolving forms of technological intervention, near-future phenomena, and culturally variable attitudes and adoption patterns, and hence instability and even volatility. Further, digiveillance creates the prospect of very substantial impacts on economy, society and polity, effects on many stakeholders, and considerable intensity in a range of public policy issues. If researchers wait until these technological interventions into society have already occurred, observation of changed or new phenomena will become feasible. On the other hand, the informational value of research results will be low, and will serve only powerful. That is because architectures, infrastructure, power-imbalances, and the distribution of benefits, opportunities, harm and risks will have already solidified. The question therefore arises as to what extent the IS discipline has addressed, and is addressing, such issues.
Surveillance has been largely ignored by IS researchers, although it may be beginnng to attract a little more attention. For example, in July 2025, of 18,340 refereed articles in the AIS eLibrary (AISeL) a search for the term in full-text found only 639 papers (plus 21 for 'dataveillance', 3.6%). A search in abstracts found only 29 (0.15%, 14 in 2021-24), with 12 in title (0.065%, half of them in the 4 years 2021-24). The professional society's journal, Communications (CAIS), accounts for about 2000 of the AISeL corpus (11%). Searches in CAIS located 133 in full-text (6.6%), 5 in abstract (0.25%), with only 1 also in title.
In the case of IT & People -- journal to which the topic would appear to have considerable relevance -- the Proquest library delivered 90 of 1335 in full text (6.7%), and 8 in abstract (0.6%, 4 of them also in title). The project is expanding the searching and cataloguing activities more broadly across IS publication venues, with an initial focus on the Basket of 8 journals and ICIS Proceedings. The intention is to identify leading exemplars of IS research in digiveillance, mapped against the research opportunities and research techniques identified in the following sections.
Various explanations are possible for the low hit-rate on the key terms among IS publishing venues. Surveillance may be perceived to be of relevance to IS at most in specific contexts, primarily employment and health; or as a too-vague notion, or as an idea not closely linked to IT and IS. This section identifies some areas of opportunity that the author contends already exist, but are being largely overlooked.
Frameworks for the conception and conduct of research into particular forms of surveillance have been published in other disciplines. These include video surveillance / CCTV (Vezzani & Cucchiara 2010), acute-care nursing (Kelly & Vincent 2011), and retail marketing (Elnahla & Neilson 2021). Within the media studies arena, frameworks have been proposed for resistance to surveillance (Martin et al. 2009)., and for the negotiation of neighbourhood surveillance designs (Albrechtslund & Glud 2010).
To accommodate the richness in the domain, a framework relevant to digiveillance analysis was presented in Clarke (2012). It distinguishes a variety of forms. Reference has already been made to different types of targets of digiveillance, distinguishing objects, spaces and individuals. The framework also suggests sub-categories of the dimensions of surveillance activities, viz.
Of What? For Whom? By Whom Why How? Where? When?
Another aspects is the technologies of digiveillance, including vision capture by many forms of camera, aural capture, locational data-sensing, identity-data capture (e.g. by means of biometrics, browser-signature, chipID or IP-address -- Smith & Brooks 2013), textual capture (variously consensual, unwitting, and through subterfuge, appropriation and copyright breach), and auto-conversion among media-forms and -formats. Further detail on private sector applications in the context of the digital surveillance economy is in Clarke (2019a).
Given the impactfulness of digiveillance, technical approaches to analysis will be too narrow to deliver value. Implementations of IT to support digiveillance need to be viewed as interventions into complex social-technical systems. Because of the scale and scope of IS that serve surveillance needs, there is a considerable range of relevant stakeholder perspectives, such as those of system sponsors, technology providers, system operators, clients who use their services, beneficiaries of digiveillance, and its organisational and human targets. NDIS (2022) provides a perspective on the balancing of stakeholder interests in the context of surveillance of people with a disability. A great many opportunities exist to conduct single-perspective research with a focus on a stakeholder other than the system sponsor, dual-perspective research on a dyad (such as system sponsor and employees, or service-provider and customers/clients), and multi-perspective research (Clarke & Davison 2020, Clarke et al. 2020). Table 1 offers a sample of the kinds of research questions that are opened up by the approaches suggested in this section.
The project whose initial framing is reported here is further articulating these categories, and mapping them against exemplars in and adjacent to the IS discipline.
Another possible explanation for the paucity of IS publications on surveillance is that the research domain may not be amenable to research techniques that are regarded as mainstream in the IS discipline. Social science and media studies disciplines have conducted a great deal of research into surveillance topics, using both theoretical and empirical techniques already familiar to IS researchers.
In Clarke (2025), a number of assumptions are identified that are inherent in empirical research. These include that relevant real worlds feature phenomena that are relatively consistent across space, and stable over time, and that are reliably observable, and that the resulting data reliably reflects those phenomena. However, as was noted earlier, digiveillance involves rapidly evolving forms of technological intervention, near-future phenomena, and culturally variable attitudes and adoption patterns, and hence instability and even volatility. In such circumstances, futures studies techniques may be more suitable, because they enable researchers to deliver insights into emergent patterns.
This suggests that consideration needs to be given to conceptual research techniques such as visionary depiction to loosen up the imagination, and critical theory research to assist in circumstances in which interests conflict, and the impacts of benefits, opportunities, harms and risks are contested. Also applicable to some research questions may be quasi-empirical techniques, including role-playing, simulation modelling and particularly scenarios analysis. Where an IS is expressly designed to fulfil needs of multiple stakeholder groups, impact assessment techniques may come to the fore.
Of the 29 articles in AISeL that were identified in section 3, 28 took theoretical and/or conventionally empirical approaches, with just 1 applying a future studies technique. The exception was a teaching case relating to city-residents (Avery 2022). A positive aspect was that a number of the papers adopted a researcher perspective other than that of the system sponsor, in most cases with the interests of workplace participants or patients in focus.
Human society is in the process of losing the ability to choose its futures because it is permitting digiveillance technologies, and the powerful institutions that develop and deploy them, to dictate society's directions. If the public is to retain the scope to influence the emergent high-tech, corporatised-government State heralded in Schmidt & Cohen (2014), the 'precautionary principle' needs to be applied. This places the onus on proponents of interventions to demonstrate that the potential impacts are justified and proportionate (Wingspread 1998).
This short paper has outlined work-in-process on a research project intended to demonstrate the need for research in the field of digiveillance, and the opportunity for members of the IS discipline to contribute to it. Because of the dynamism of relevant technologies, of the practices of those conducting digiveillance, and of the agility of those subject to it, the relevant phenomena are diverse and ephemeral. This suggests that empirical research may be too slow and backward-looking to deliver value, and that techniques from future studies fields may need to be applied.
I contend that such research falls within the scope of the IS discipline, and that IS researchers need to overcome their reticence, and adopt a far broader conception of the field of view, and of the players and interests involved. Researchers can thereby deliver relevance with such rigour as is achievable, rather than remaining wedded to narrow and fixed notions of rigour that limit the field of view to a no-longer-extant past, that place tight limits on the value to society of the outputs of research, and that prevent useful studies of present and near-future phenomena.
Albrechtslund A. & Glud L.N. (2010) 'Empowering Residents: A Theoretical Framework for Negotiating Surveillance Technologies' Surveillance & Society 8,2 (2010) 235-250, at https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/download/3488/3442/
Avery A. (2022) 'Surveilling the SnackKids: Street Entrepreneurship Meets a Neighborhood App' Commun. Assoc. Infor. Syst. 51, at https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.05118
Bentham J. (1791) 'Panopticon; or, the Inspection House', London, 1791
Clarke R. (1986) 'Information Technology and 'Dataveillance' Proc. Symp. on Comp. & Social Responsibility, Macquarie Uni. Dept of Comp. Sci., September 1986
Clarke R. (1988) 'Information Technology and Dataveillance' Commun ACM 31,5 (May 1988) 498-512, PrePrint at http://rogerclarke.com/DV/CACM88.html
Clarke R. (1994a) The Digital Persona and its Application to Data Surveillance' The Information Society 10,2 (June 1994) 77-92, PrePrint at http://rogerclarke.com/DV/DigPersona.html
Clarke R. (1997a) 'Chip-Based ID: Promise and Peril' Invited Address to a Workshop on 'Identity cards, with or without microprocessors: Efficiency versus confidentiality', at the International Conference on Privacy, Montreal, 23-26 September 1997, PrePrint at http://rogerclarke.com/DV/IDCards97.html
Clarke R. (2001a) 'While You Were Sleeping ... Surveillance Technologies Arrived' Australian Quarterly 73, 1 (January-February 2001), PrePrint at http://rogerclarke.com/DV/AQ2001.html
Clarke R. (2001b) 'Person-Location and Person-Tracking: Technologies, Risks and Policy Implications' Information Technology & People 14, 2 (Summer 2001) 206-231, PrePrint at http://rogerclarke.com/DV/PLT.html
Clarke R. (2009) 'Privacy Impact Assessment: Its Origins and Development' Computer Law & Security Review 25, 2 (April 2009) 123-135, PrePrint at http://rogerclarke.com/DV/PIAHist-08.html
Clarke R. (2012) 'A Framework for Surveillance Analysis' Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, February 2012, at http://rogerclarke.com/DV/FSA.html
Clarke R. (2013) 'Privacy of Personal Expeience', Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, October 2013, at https://www.rogerclarke.com/DV/Intro.html#ExpP
Clarke R. (2014) 'Promise Unfulfilled: The Digital Persona Concept, Two Decades Later' Information Technology & People 27,2 (Jun 2014) 182-207, PrePrint at http://rogerclarke.com/ID/DP12.html
Clarke R. (2019a) 'Risks Inherent in the Digital Surveillance Economy: A Research Agenda' Journal of Information Technology 34,1 (Mar 2019) 59-80, PrePrint at http://rogerclarke.com/EC/DSE.html
Clarke R. (2019b) 'Why the World Wants Controls over Artificial Intelligence' Computer Law & Security Review 35, 4 (August 2019) 423-433, PrePrint at http://rogerclarke.com/EC/AII.html
Clarke R. (2020) 'Auto-Surveillance' Working Paper, Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, December 2020, at https://rogerclarke.com/DV/AutoSurv.html
Clarke R. (2022) 'A Reconsideration of the Foundations of Identity Management' Proc. 35th Bled eConference, Slovenia, 28 June 2022, PrePrint at http://rogerclarke.com/ID/IDM-Bled.html
Clarke R. (2025) 'Rapidly-Changing, Disruptive IT means IS must Conduct Research into Near-Future Phenomena and reflect the Perspectives of Multiple Stakeholders' Working Paper, Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, 2 August 2025, at http://rogerclarke.com/SOS/RNFP.html
Clarke R. & Davison R.M. (2020) 'Through Whose Eyes? The Critical Concept of Researcher Perspective' J. Assoc. Infor. Syst. 21, 2 (March-April 2020) 483-501, PrePrint at https://rogerclarke.com/SOS/RP.html
Clarke R., Davison R.M. & Jia W. (2020) 'Researcher Perspective in the IS Discipline: An Empirical Study of Articles in the Basket of 8 Journals' Information Technology & People 33,6 (October 2020) 1515-1541, PrePrint at https://rogerclarke.com/SOS/RP8.html
Clarke R. & Wigan M.R. (2011) 'You Are Where You've Been: The Privacy Implications of Location and Tracking Technologies' Journal of Location Based Services 5, 3-4 (December 2011) 138-155, PrePrint at http://rogerclarke.com/DV/YAWYB-CWP.html
Elnahla N. & Neilson L.C. (2021) 'Retaillance: a conceptual framework and review of surveillance in retail' The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 31,3 (2021) 330-357, at https://doi.org/10.1080/09593969.2021.1873817
Foucault M. (1977) 'Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison' Peregrine, London, 1975, trans. 1977
Galic M., Timan T. & Koops B.-J. (2017) 'Bentham, Deleuze and Beyond: An Overview of Surveillance Theories from the Panopticon to Participation' Philos. Technol. 30 (2017) 9-37, at https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13347-016-0219-1.pdf
Gandy O.H. (1989) 'The Surveillance Society: Information Technology and Bureaucratic Social Control' Journal of Communication 39, 3 (September 1989) 61-76
Greenberg J. & Eskew D.E. (1993) 'The Role of Role Playing in Organizational Research' Journal of Management 19,2 (1993) 221-241
Hart S.L. (1971) 'Axiology - Theory of Values' Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 32,1 (Sep 1971) 29-41
Jain A.K., Ross A.A., Nandakumar K. & Swearingen T. (2024) 'Introduction to Biometrics' Springer, 2nd Ed., 2024
Kelly L. & Vincent D. (2011) 'The dimensions of nursing surveillance: a concept analysis' J Adv Nurs 67,3 (March 2011) 652?661, at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3242365/pdf/nihms285381.pdf
Lupton D. (2016) 'The Quantified Self' Wiley, 2016
Lyon D. (1994) 'The electronic eye: The rise of surveillance society' Polity Press, 1994
Lyon D. (2001) 'Surveillance society' Open University Press, 2001
Lyon D. (2007) 'Surveillance studies: An overview' Polity Press, 2007
Mann S. (1997) ''Smart clothing': wearable multimedia computing and 'personal imaging' to restore the technological balance between people and their environments' Proc. 4th ACM Int'l Conf. on Multimedia, February 1997, pp.163-174, at https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/244130.244184
Mann S. (2005) 'Equiveillance: The equilibrium between Sur-veillance and Sous-veillance' Opening Address, Computers, Freedom and Privacy, 2005, at http://wearcam.org/anonequity.htm
Mann S., Nolan J. & Wellman B. (2003) ' Sousveillance: Inventing and Using Wearable Computing Devices for Data Collection in Surveillance Environments' Surveillance & Society 1, 3 (2003) 331-355, at https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/3344/3306
Martin A.K., Van Brakel R. & Bernhard D. (2009) 'Understanding resistance to digital surveillance: Towards a multi-disciplinary, multi-actor framework' Surveillance & Society 6,3 (2009) 213-232, at https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/download/3282/3245
Marx G.T. (1985) 'The Surveillance Society: The Threat Of 1984-Style Techniques' The Futurist, 1985Garcia L. (1991) 'The U.S. Office of Technology Assessment' Chapter in Berleur J. & Drumm J. (eds.) 'Information Technology Assessment' North-Holland, 1991, at pp.177-180
Michael K. & Michael M.G. (2009) 'Innovative Automatic Identification and Location-Based Services: From Bar Codes to Chip Implants' IGI Global, 2009
Michael M.G. & Michael K. (2013) 'Uberveillance and the Social Implications of Microchip Implants: Emerging Technologies' IGI Global, 2013
NDIS (2022) 'Surveillance Technology Practice Guide' NDIS Quality and Safeguards Commission, August 2022, at https://www.ndiscommission.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-08/SurveiIlance%20Technology%20Guide%20August%202022.pdf
Penney J.W. (2016) 'Chilling effects: Online surveillance and Wikipedia use' Berkeley Tech. LJ 31, 1 (2016) 117-182, at https://www.btlj.org/data/articles2016/vol31/31_1/0117_0182_Penney_ChillingEffects_WEB.pdf
Schauer F. (1978) 'Fear, Risk and the First Amendment: Unraveling the Chilling Effect' Boston University Law Review 58 (1978) 685-732, at http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/879
Schmidt E. & Cohen J. (2014) 'The New Digital Age: Reshaping the Future of People, Nations and Business' Knopf, 2013
Smith C.L. & Brooks D.J. (2013) 'Integrated Identification Technology' Chapter 7 in Smith C.L. & Brooks D.J. 'Security Science: The Theory and Practice of Security' Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013, pp.153-175
Vezzani R. & Cucchiara R. (2010) 'Video Surveillance Online Repository (ViSOR): an integrated framework' Multimedia Tools and Applications 50,2 (2010) 359-380, at https://iris.unimore.it/bitstream/11380/645552/1/Visorjournal.pdf
Wright D. & De Hert P. (eds) (2012) 'Privacy Impact Assessments' Springer, 2012
The genesis of this paper was a challenge posed to me by Fred Niederman of St Louis University Missouri. I greatly appreciated the challenge, the ensuing discussions and his suggestions about the ideas it contains.
Roger Clarke is Principal of Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, Canberra. He is also a Visiting Professorial Fellow associated with UNSW Law & Justice, and a Visiting Professor in Computing in the College of Systems & Society at the Australian National University.
| Personalia |
Photographs Presentations Videos |
Access Statistics |
 |
The content and infrastructure for these community service pages are provided by Roger Clarke through his consultancy company, Xamax. From the site's beginnings in August 1994 until February 2009, the infrastructure was provided by the Australian National University. During that time, the site accumulated close to 30 million hits. It had passed 80 million by the end of 2025. Sponsored by the Gallery, Bunhybee Grasslands, the extended Clarke Family, Knights of the Spatchcock and their drummer, and her Dr Nurse site |
Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd ACN: 002 360 456 78 Sidaway St, Chapman ACT 2611 AUSTRALIA Tel: +61 2 6288 6916 |
Created: 10 July 2025 - Last Amended: 5 August 2025 by Roger Clarke
This document is at www.rogerclarke.com/DV/DVRD.html
Mail to Webmaster - © Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, 1995-2026 - Privacy Policy